Present Continuous Tense: A Comprehensive Guide

Hello everyone, and a very warm welcome! My name is Arshad Yousafzai, and I am thrilled to guide you on your English learning journey with ZONE OF EDUCATION. Today, we are going to explore one of the most dynamic and essential tenses in the English language: The Present Continuous Tense, also known as the Present Progressive Tense.

Present Continuous (Present Progressive) Tense

• Have you ever wondered how to talk about an action that is happening right now, at this very moment? 
• How do you describe a world that is constantly in motion, changing, and evolving around you? 

The answer lies in learning the Present Continuous. This tense is your key to describing life as it unfolds. It’s not just about what is, but what is happening. It brings your English to life, making it more immediate, vivid, and engaging.

So, grab your notebooks, get comfortable, and let’s dive into the world of ongoing actions. After reading this comprehensive article, watching the recorder embedded facebook and YouTube video, and attempting the 100 MCQs Test on the present continuous tense  you will not only understand the rules but also feel confident using the Present Continuous tense in your daily conversations.

Introduction: Meeting the Tense of ‘Now’

Before we can master the Present Continuous, we must first understand its place in the grand structure of English grammar. Many students feel overwhelmed by the 12 tenses in English, but they are actually part of a very logical system. This system is built on two core concepts: Tense and Aspect.

• Tense tells us about TIME. It places an action in the past, present, or future. It’s the “when” of an action.
• Aspect tells us about the DURATION or STATE of an action. It describes how we view the action in time—is it a single, complete event (Simple Aspect), an ongoing, unfinished action (Continuous Aspect), a completed action with a connection to another point in time (Perfect Aspect), or an ongoing action leading up to a point in time (Perfect Continuous Aspect)? 

The Present Continuous Tense is a beautiful combination of the Present Tense (time) and the Continuous Aspect (duration). This means it describes an action that is ongoing, in progress, or unfinished in the present. Thinking about tenses this way—as a combination of time and aspect—is the most powerful way to unlock the logic of English grammar. It turns memorization into understanding.

Visualizing the Grammar

To see exactly where the Present Continuous fits, let’s look at the complete map of the English tense system. This chart organizes all 12 tenses into a simple grid.

Aspect → Time ↓	Simple	Continuous (Progressive)	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	I work	I am working	I have worked	I have been working
Past	I worked	I was working	I had worked	I had been working
Future	I will work	I will be working	I will have worked	I will have been working

As you can see, the Present Continuous is right there in the “Present” row and the “Continuous” column. This visual map helps you understand that it’s not an isolated rule but part of a larger, interconnected system. Notice how all “Continuous” tenses use a form of the verb ‘to be’ (am, is, are, was, were, will be) and a main verb ending in ‘-ing. This pattern is your key to understanding the entire aspect.

The Basic Formula

The Present Continuous tense is built from a simple and consistent formula. This is the fundamental building block you will use every time you form a sentence in this tense.

The basic composition is: Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing.

For example:

• I am learning English.
• The world is changing quickly.

Now that we have laid the foundation, let’s build upon it. We will now take a deep, focused dive into every detail of the Present Continuous tense, from its structure to its many uses.

2. Structure of Present Continuous Tense 

A. Definition & Purpose

Let’s begin with a clear definition. The Present Continuous Tense (also called the Present Progressive Tense) is the verb form used to describe an action that is ongoing or happening at the current moment. It can also be used for temporary situations, developing trends, and even for definite future plans.

Authoritative sources like the Cambridge Dictionary define it as “the verb form used for actions or events that are happening or developing now”. The key purpose of this tense is to express dynamism. While the Present Simple tense states facts (The sun rises in the east), the Present Continuous paints a picture of an action in progress (The sun is rising right now). It adds a sense of immediacy and vividness, allowing you to describe the world as a live, unfolding event.

B. Structure  Formula

To use the Present Continuous tense correctly, you must master its structure. Fortunately, the formula is consistent and easy to learn for all types of sentences: affirmative (positive), negative, and interrogative (questions). The main components are always the subject, the correct form of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ (am,is,are), and the present participle (the main verb with an ‘-ing’ ending).

Let’s break down the structure for each sentence type in a clear table.

Sentence Type	Formula	Example	Contraction Example
Affirmative	Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing	She is reading a book.	She’s reading a book.
Negative	Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing	They are not playing outside.	They aren’t playing outside.
Yes/No Question	Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?	Are you studying now?	(No contraction)
WH-Question	Wh-word + am/is/are + subject + verb-ing?	What are you doing?	What’re you doing?

Let’s explore each of these in more detail with plenty of examples.

Affirmative Sentences

This is the positive statement form. You state what is happening.

Formula: Subject+am/is/are+verb−ing 

• I am watching PTV  .
• He is working on a new project.
• The students are listening carefully.

In spoken English and informal writing, we almost always use contractions.

• I’m watching  PTV .
• He’s working on a new project.
• They’re listening carefully.

Negative Sentences

This form is used to state what is not happening. You simply add ‘not’ after the ‘be’ verb.

Formula: Subject+am/is/are+not+verb−ing 

• I am not sleeping.
• She is not cooking dinner.
• We are not going to the party.

Contractions are very common here as well. There are two ways to contract ‘is not’ and ‘are not’.

• I’m not sleeping. (Note: ‘amn’t’ is not used in standard English)
• She’s not cooking OR She isn’t cooking.
• We’re not going OR We aren’t going.

Interrogative Sentences (Questions)

To ask a question, we invert the subject and the ‘be’ verb.

1. Yes/No Questions

These are questions that can be answered with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

Formula: Am/Is/Are+subject+verb−ing? 

• Are you feeling okay?
• Is he playing the guitar?
• Are they coming with us?

Short Answers: When answering yes/no questions, we often use short answers, which are more natural than repeating the full sentence.

• Q: Is she working today?
• A: Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. 
• Q: Are they waiting for the bus?
• A: Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

2. WH-Questions

These questions use question words (What, Where, When, Why, Who, How) to ask for specific information.

Formula: Wh−word+am/is/are+subject+verb−ing? 

• What are you doing?
• Where is she going?
• Why are they laughing?

Learning these structures is the first step to fluency. Practice them until they become second nature!

C. Usage / Functions

• Now for the most important part: When do we use the Present Continuous? 

Many students learn that it’s for actions “happening now,” but it’s much more versatile than that. There are six main uses, but as you will see, they are all connected by one central idea: describing a temporary, ongoing, unfinished action. Understanding this core concept will help you use the tense logically and intuitively, rather than just memorizing rules.

1. Actions Happening Now (at the moment of speaking)

This is the most common and fundamental use of the Present Continuous. It is for actions that are in progress at the exact time you are speaking.

• I am teaching an English lesson right now.
• You are reading this blog post.
• Please be quiet, the baby is sleeping. 
• Look! It is starting to rain. 

Signal words like now, right now, and at the moment often accompany this use.

2. Temporary Actions

We use the Present Continuous for actions and situations that are happening for a limited period. They are not permanent. This contrasts directly with the Present Simple, which is used for permanent states.

• He normally lives in Peshawar, but he is living in Islamabad for a few months. (A temporary situation).
• I am working from home this week. (Next week, I will be back in the office).
• She’s staying with her friend until she finds her own apartment.

Here, the action isn’t necessarily happening at the exact moment of speaking, but it’s a temporary state that is true in the present period.

3. Actions Happening ‘Around’ Now (Longer actions in progress)

This is a subtle but important use. It describes longer projects or actions that are in progress in the present period of our lives, but not necessarily at the exact second we are speaking.

• A: What are you doing these days?
• B: I am studying to become a teacher. (He is not in a lecture right now, but this is his long-term, ongoing project).
• She is writing a novel. (She might be having tea now, but the project of writing the book is in progress).
• We are renovating our house this summer.

The timeframe for ‘now’ can be expanded from this second to this week, this month, or even this year.

4. Future Planned Events (Definite Arrangements)

• I am going to

This is a very common function that often surprises learners. We use the Present Continuous to talk about future plans that are already confirmed and arranged. There is a strong suggestion that preparations have been made (e.g., tickets bought, appointments scheduled, people informed).

• We are meeting the client at 10 AM tomorrow. (The meeting is in the calendar).
• I am flying to Dubai next Friday. (I have already bought my ticket). 
• What are you doing this weekend? (Asking about your arranged plans).

This use works because the plan is already “in progress” in our schedule. It has moved from a simple intention to a fixed arrangement.

5. Changing or Developing Situations

The Present Continuous is perfect for describing trends, processes, and situations that are gradually changing or developing over time.

• The climate is getting warmer. 
• Your English is improving a lot. 
• The price of petrol is rising.
• More and more people are becoming vegetarian these days. 

This use highlights the process of change itself as an ongoing action.

6. Annoyance with Adverbs like ‘always’

This is a more advanced, nuanced use. Normally, we use the Present Simple with adverbs of frequency like ‘always’ for habits (He always drinks coffee in the morning). However, when we use ‘always’, ‘constantly’, or ‘forever’ with the Present Continuous, it expresses that the action happens too often and is irritating or annoying to the speaker.

• She is always losing her keys! (This is a complaint. The speaker is annoyed).
• He is constantly interrupting me when I’m talking.
• Why are you always complaining?

Notice the negative emotion. This is a powerful way to express frustration about a repeated habit.

As you can see, from an action happening this very second to an annoying habit, all six uses are tied together by the central idea of an action being temporary and in progress. This is the logic that connects them all.

D. Subject-Verb Agreement

A fundamental rule in English is that the subject and verb must agree in number. In the Present Continuous tense, this means choosing the correct form of the verb ‘to be’ (am,is,are) to match your subject.  Making a mistake here is one of the most common errors for beginners.

The rules are simple and never change. Let’s put them in a clear table for easy reference.

Subject Pronoun(s) / Noun Type	Verb ‘to be’	Example Sentence
I	am	I am studying English.
He, She, It, Singular Noun (e.g., The boy, Sara)	is	He is playing football. The boy is running.
You, We, They, Plural Noun (e.g., The boys, Sara and Ali)	are	You are doing a great job. The boys are running.

Common Errors to Avoid:

• He are playing. (Incorrect: ‘He’ is singular, ‘are’ is plural) 
• He is playing.
• They is watching TV. (Incorrect: ‘They’ is plural, ‘is’ is singular)
• They are watching TV.
• I is reading. (Incorrect: ‘I’ always pairs with ‘am’)
• I am reading.

Always double-check that your ‘be’ verb matches your subject. This is a small detail that makes a big difference in your accuracy.

E. Time Expressions / Signal Words

How can you know when to use the Present Continuous? 

Often, the sentence will contain “signal words” or time expressions that strongly suggest an ongoing, temporary, or future action. Learning to recognize these clues will make choosing the right tense much easier.

Here is a categorized list of common time expressions associated with the Present Continuous:

• For Actions Happening Now:

• now
• right now
• at the moment
• currently
• Imperatives like Listen! or Look! (which draw attention to something happening now) 
• Example: Listen! Someone is playing the piano.
• For Temporary Situations:

• these days
• this week / this month / this year
• for the time being
• at present 
• Example: She is working in the London office this month.
• For Future Arrangements:

• tomorrow
• tonight
• next week / next month
• on Friday / this weekend
• Example: I am visiting my grandparents this weekend.
• For Annoying Habits:

• always
• constantly
• forever 
• Example: My brother is always borrowing my clothes without asking!

While these words are strong indicators, always remember to consider the context of the sentence to make the final decision.

F. Common Mistakes

Every learner makes mistakes—it’s a natural part of the process! By understanding the most common errors with the Present Continuous, you can learn to spot them in your own speaking and writing and correct them.

Mistake 1: Omitting the verb ‘to be’

This is perhaps the most frequent mistake among beginners. The verb ‘to be’ (am,is,are) is an essential part of the tense’s structure. Without it, the sentence is grammatically incorrect

• She reading a book now.
• She is reading a book now. ✅ 
• They playing football.
• They are playing football. ✅ 

How to avoid it: Always remember the formula: Subject + BE + Verb-ing. Say it to yourself every time you form a sentence until it becomes automatic.

Mistake 2: Using Present Continuous with Stative Verbs

This is a more complex error that even intermediate learners make. Stative verbs (or non-continuous verbs) describe states, conditions, feelings, thoughts, senses, and possession—not actions. Because they don’t describe an action, they usually cannot be used in a continuous tense.

• I am knowing the answer. ❌
• I know the answer.  ✅ 
• She is wanting a new phone. ❌
• She wants a new phone. ✅ 
• They are belonging to the same club. ❌
• They belong to the same club. ✅ 

Here is a list of common stative verbs:

• Thoughts/Opinions: know, believe, understand, remember, think (opinion), agree, mean
• Feelings/Emotions: love, like, hate, want, need, prefer, wish
• Senses: see, hear, smell, taste, seem, appear
• Possession: have (own), own, belong, possess, contain 

Advanced Point: When Stative Verbs CAN Be Dynamic

Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form, but their meaning changes from a state to a temporary action or behavior. This is a key distinction for advanced learners.

• think:

• I think you are right. (Stative – my opinion)
• What are you thinking about? (Dynamic – the action of considering something in your mind)
• have:

• I have a car. (Stative – possession)
• I am having a great time. (Dynamic – part of an expression, experiencing)
• be:

• He is a patient person. (Stative – his permanent character)
• He is being very patient today. (Dynamic – his temporary behavior right now)
• taste/smell:

• This soup tastes delicious. (Stative – the quality of the soup)
• The chef is tasting the soup. (Dynamic – the action of tasting)

Mistake 3: Overusing it for Routines and Habits

The Present Continuous is for temporary or current actions. For permanent routines, habits, and facts, you must use the Present Simple tense.

•  I am getting up at 7 AM every day. (This is a routine) ❌
• I get up at 7 AM every day. ✅ 
• The Earth is going around the Sun. (This is a permanent fact) ❌
• The Earth goes around the Sun. ✅ 

G. Comparison with Other Present Tenses

Choosing the correct tense becomes easier when you can clearly distinguish it from similar tenses. Let’s compare the Present Continuous with its neighbors in the present time frame.

Present Continuous vs. Present Simple

This is the most fundamental comparison. The choice between them often depends on whether you view an action as temporary or permanent.

Feature	Present Continuous	Present Simple
Main Use	Actions in progress, temporary situations	Habits, routines, facts, permanent situations
Timeframe	Now, around now, temporary	Always, regularly, generally true
Signal Words	now, at the moment, this week	always, every day, usually, often
Example	I am living in London. (temporary)	I live in London. (permanent)
Example	What are you doing? (right now)	What do you do? (your job/profession)
Example	She is wearing a beautiful dress. (now)	She wears glasses. (a permanent state)

Present Continuous vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Both tenses use the ‘-ing’ form and describe unfinished actions, which can be confusing. The key difference is the focus and time connection.

• Present Continuous focuses on an action happening NOW or around now. Its connection is to the immediate present.
• I am reading a book. (The focus is on what I am doing right now).
• Present Perfect Continuous focuses on the DURATION of an action that started in the PAST and continues up to the PRESENT. It answers the question “How long?”.
• I have been reading this book for three hours. (The focus is on the duration from the past until now).

Let’s learn the difference:

• Present Continuous: A snapshot of an action in progress.
• Present Perfect Continuous: A video that started in the past and is still playing now.

Example:

• Why are your clothes wet?
• It is raining. (Present Continuous – It’s happening now).
• Why is the ground wet?
• It has been raining. (Present Perfect Continuous – The action started in the past and has just stopped or is still continuing, with a result in the present).

Present Continuous vs. Present Perfect

This comparison is about an unfinished action versus a finished action.

• Present Continuous describes an action that is in progress and unfinished.
• She is writing an email. (She has not finished yet).
• Present Perfect describes an action that was completed in the past but has a result or relevance in the present.
• She has written the email. (The action is finished, and the email is ready to be sent now).

Think of it this way:

• I am repairing the car. (The job is not done).
• I have repaired the car. (The job is done, and now we can drive it).

H. Exercises / Practice

Theory is important, but practice is where true mastery happens. Let’s test your understanding with a few exercises. Try to complete them before looking at the answers!

Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks (Beginner)

Complete the sentences with the correct Present Continuous form of the verb in brackets.

1. She _______________ (watch) TV right now.
2. They _______________ (play) football in the park at the moment.
3. I _______________ (not / work) today because it’s a holiday.
4. What _______________ (you / do) here?
5. Listen! The birds _______________ (sing).
6. My mother _______________ (cook) dinner.
7. He _______________ (travel) to Islamabad next week.
8. The company’s profits _______________ (grow) rapidly this year.
9. We _______________ (wait) for the bus.
10. Why _______________ (he / shout) at everyone?

Activity 2: Correct the Errors (Intermediate)

Find the mistake in each sentence and correct it.

1. He are playing outside.
2. I am not understanding this grammar rule.
3. They working very hard these days.
4. She is always complain about her job.
5. What you are reading?
6. I am wanting a cup of tea.
7. We goes to the cinema tonight.
8. Look! That man tries to open your car door.
9. My sister speak French very well.
10. I am going to the gym every morning.

Activity 3: Sentence Transformation (Intermediate)

Change the following affirmative sentences into (a) negative and (b) interrogative forms.

1. He is fixing the car.

• a. Negative: _________________________
• b. Interrogative: _________________________

2. They are planning a party.

• a. Negative: _________________________
• b. Interrogative: _________________________

3. I am writing a letter to my friend.

• a. Negative: _________________________
• b. Interrogative: _________________________

Activity 4: Short Quiz (All Levels)

Choose the correct option.

1. “Where’s Tom?” “He _______ a shower.”
   a) has
   b) is having
   c) have
2. I can’t talk now. I _______ my homework.
   a) do
   b) does
   c) am doing
3. My father _______ in a bank. It’s his permanent job.
   a) is working
   b) works
   c) work
4. You’re so annoying! You _______ about everything!
   a) always complain
   b) are always complaining
   c) is always complaining
5. We _______ to the mountains next weekend. The hotel is already booked.
   a) go
   b) are going
   c) will be go

---

Answer Key

Activity 1:

1. is watching, 2. are playing, 3. am not working, 4. are you doing, 5. are singing, 6. is cooking, 7. is travelling, 8. are growing, 9. are waiting, 10. is he shouting

Activity 2:

1. He is playing outside.
2. I do not understand this grammar rule.
3. They are working very hard these days.
4. She is always complaining about her job.
5. What are you reading?
6. I want a cup of tea.
7. We are going to the cinema tonight.
8. Look! That man is trying to open your car door.
9. My sister speaks French very well. (This is a skill, a fact – Present Simple)
10. I go to the gym every morning. (This is a routine – Present Simple)

Activity 3:

1. a. He isn’t fixing the car. b. Is he fixing the car?
2. a. They aren’t planning a party. b. Are they planning a party?
3. a. I am not writing a letter to my friend. b. Am I writing a letter to my friend?

Activity 4:

1. b, 2. c, 3. b, 4. b, 5. b

Teaching & Learning Tips

Becoming fluent with any grammar tense requires more than just reading rules; it requires active practice. Here are some effective strategies for both teachers and students to master the Present Continuous.

Classroom Activities

• Miming and Charades: This is a classic and fun activity. Write different action verbs on cards (e.g., swimming, eating spaghetti, driving a car). A student picks a card and acts it out. The other students must guess the action by asking questions or making statements in the Present Continuous, like “Are you playing tennis?” or “You are riding a horse!”.
• Picture Description: Use a busy, detailed picture—like a scene from a park, a market, or a festival. In pairs or small groups, students describe everything that is happening in the picture. For example, “A man is buying vegetables,” “Two children are playing with a ball,” “The sun is shining.” This builds vocabulary and reinforces the sentence structure.
• Spot the Difference: Find two similar pictures with a few key differences in the actions being performed. Give one picture to Student A and the other to Student B. Without looking at each other’s pictures, they must describe what is happening in their image to find the differences. For example, “In my picture, a woman is reading a book. What is she doing in yours?” “In my picture, she is listening to music.”.

Self-Study Strategy

• Keep a “Daily Activity Journal”: This is one of the most effective ways to internalize the tense. Every day, take five minutes to write three to five sentences in English using the Present Continuous.

• One sentence about what you are doing right now: “I am sitting at my desk and studying English.”
• One sentence about a temporary project or situation in your life: “I am reading a new book by my favorite author this week.”
• One sentence about a future plan: “I am meeting my friends for dinner on Saturday.”

This simple, consistent habit forces you to apply the different uses of the tense to your own life, making the grammar meaningful and memorable.

Summary of Key Learnings

• The Present Continuous is formed with the verb ‘to be’ (am,is,are) + the main verb with an ‘-ing’ ending.
• It is used for actions happening now, temporary situations, longer actions in progress, definite future plans, changing situations, and to express annoyance with ‘always’.
• Always remember to include the verb ‘to be’. A sentence like “He playing” is incorrect.
• Avoid using the Present Continuous with most stative (non-action) verbs like know, want, believe, and like. Use the Present Simple instead.
• Practice is the key! The more you use it, the more natural it will become.

Thank you for joining me in this detailed exploration. Keep practicing, stay curious, and continue to build your confidence in English.

Written Presented by Arshad Yousafzai for ZONE OF EDUCATION.

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We provide services for studying in 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙮, 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙬𝙖𝙮, 𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙆, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙐𝙎𝘼, 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮, 𝙎𝙬𝙚𝙙𝙚𝙣, 𝙄𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙, 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙖, 𝘿𝙚𝙣𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙠, 𝙎𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖, 𝙎𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙖𝙠𝙞𝙖, 𝙈𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙖, 𝙇𝙞𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙖, 𝙇𝙖𝙩𝙫𝙞𝙖, 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙘𝙚, 𝘼𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖, 𝘼𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖, 𝙁𝙞𝙣𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙, 𝙋𝙤𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙, 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 𝙃𝙪𝙣𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨.

𝘼𝙙𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨: 

• 𝙊𝙛𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙉𝙤 𝙂-35, 37  𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙁𝙡𝙤𝙤𝙧, 𝙎𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙣 𝙏𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧, 𝙎𝙖𝙞𝙙𝙪 𝙎𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙛 𝙍𝙤𝙖𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙠𝙖𝙣𝙗𝙖𝙜𝙝 𝙈𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙤𝙧𝙖, 𝙎𝙬𝙖𝙩

𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙘𝙩: 

• 𝐏𝐓𝐂𝐋 𝐋𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐞    𝟬𝟵𝟰𝟲-𝟳𝟭𝟮𝟳𝟳𝟳 
• 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥 / 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐀𝐩𝐩   𝟬𝟯𝟰𝟱-𝟭𝟰𝟰𝟲𝟳𝟳𝟳  
• 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥 / 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐀𝐩𝐩    𝟬𝟯𝟬𝟭-𝟭𝟰𝟰𝟲𝟳𝟳𝟳
• 𝐖𝐞𝐛𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
• 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬𝐀𝐩𝐩 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥
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• 𝐏𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭
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